Correlation-Based Measurement of Entanglement in Rank-2 Mixed States
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Abstract
We study correlation-based entanglement evaluation in rank-2 mixed states of two- and multi-qubit systems. The relevant two-dimensional subspace is treated as a logical qubit embedded in the physical Hilbert space, and factorizable realizations of its logical Pauli operators are classified. For two qubits, this yields nontrivial canonical encodings related by local Clifford transformations. The relation between logical and physical Bloch vectors admits a geometric interpretation as a transversely deformed Bloch sphere, leading to closed-form expressions for two-qubit concurrence and generalized concurrence across $N$-qubit bipartitions. The entanglement scaling factor is obtained directly from complementary-subsystem correlations, without prior calibration of state-preparation parameters. Noisy simulations using the IBM Quantum FakeKingston backend model, with readout-error mitigation and zero-noise extrapolation, confirm the analytical results up to $N=10$ qubits. The protocol therefore enables entanglement estimation from only a small number of measurement settings for this class of rank-2 logical states.