Enhanced quantum metrology with robust multipass interferometry

Abstract

Quantum metrology typically uses entangled states to achieve measurement precisions beyond the standard quantum limit. The advantage increases with the size of the entangled state, however generating and preserving large entangled states remains a major experimental challenge. Multipass protocols offer an alternative approach by allowing a single probe to interact repeatedly with the parameter of interest, but their performance is highly susceptible to loss, which accumulates over successive passes and rapidly erodes the quantum advantage. Here we introduce a hybrid strategy that combines small, loss-resilient entangled states with multipass interferometry. We show that this approach retains the robustness of small entangled probes while exploiting repeated interactions to achieve substantial enhancements in measurement precision. Furthermore, we propose a concrete implementation using currently available technologies, demonstrating that the predicted performance gains should be experimentally accessible with existing capabilities.