Collective Quantum Logic Spectroscopy

Abstract

Scaling trapped-ion quantum sensors from single ions to large ensembles is a key challenge for next-generation precision measurements. At the same time, many ion species of interest for optical clocks and tests of fundamental physics lack closed cycling transitions required for direct laser cooling and state detection. Collective quantum logic spectroscopy addresses both limitations by coupling an ensemble of sensor, or spectroscopy, ions to one or more logic ions that provide sympathetic cooling and state readout. Here, we establish the fundamental performance limits and operating regimes of this protocol, identifying how the interaction strength, interrogation time, and logic-ensemble size govern sensitivity, dynamic range, and robustness to experimental imperfections. We show that quantum-limited sensitivity can be retained even with a single logic ion, while increasing the number of logic ions substantially improves readout efficiency and robustness. Beyond precision metrology, the same collective interface enables many-body measurements relevant to quantum information processing, including parity measurements and stabilizer-like syndrome extraction. Our results establish collective quantum logic spectroscopy as a scalable framework for optical clocks, quantum-enhanced sensing, and trapped-ion quantum information processing.