Duality constrains optimal thresholds in quantum error correction

Abstract

Error correction thresholds are often treated as the primary figure of merit for comparing quantum error-correcting code families. We show that the optimal error correction threshold for many commonly considered codes is constrained to a single universal value at leading order in a replica limit. Through a statistical mechanical mapping, we demonstrate that duality constrains all zero-rate em-symmetric CSS codes to have the same optimal code capacity threshold. Here, em symmetry means that the X- and Z-type parity-check matrices are equivalent up to row and column permutations. Under this statistical mechanical mapping, em-symmetric CSS codes are self-dual under a generalized Kramers-Wannier duality up to a mixing of logical sectors. For zero-rate code families, this mixing contributes only subextensive corrections, so the thermodynamic bulk free energy is self-dual in the trivial logical sector. This self-duality fixes the clean critical point and constrains the disordered phase boundary. We also show that self-duality is preserved under code concatenation, and that optimal decoding of concatenated codes can be reformulated as a renormalization group flow on a hierarchical lattice. Our results provide a common framework for analyzing topological, concatenated, and more general quantum low-density parity-check code families, including both their optimal code capacity thresholds and their sub-threshold logical error suppression.