Competing interlayer charge order and quantum monopole reorganization in bilayer Kagome spin ice via quantum annealing
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Abstract
Frustrated magnets host emergent magnetic monopoles whose confinement and ordering are governed by two experimental handles that existing platforms cannot vary independently. We realize a bilayer Kagome spin ice across $1{,}536$ logical spins on a D-Wave Advantage2 quantum annealer, providing orthogonal control of monopole density through a quantum drive $Γ_{\mathrm{eff}}$ and of interlayer charge order through an independent coupling $\Jz$. Interlayer exchange drives a sharp ferroelectric-to-antiferroelectric Ice-II transition at $(J_{\perp}/J_1)^{*}\approx0.042$, stable across five decades of annealing time and forbidden in any single-layer system. Restricting the charge structure factor to ice-rule plaquettes corrects a systematic order-of-magnitude underestimation in conventional all-plaquette estimators. The quantum renormalisation ratio $ρ_{\max}=0.2771$ converts the hardware gap into a concrete engineering target $Γ_c\gtrsim0.6\,\Jone$ for transmon circuit-QED implementations. Three falsifiable predictions for existing Ni$_{81}$Fe$_{19}$ nanowire bilayer architectures follow, all testable without new fabrication.