Generalized Inverses of Quantum Channels: a categorical perspective

Abstract

A quantum channel is defined as being completely positive (CP) and trace preserving (TP). While not every quantum channel is invertible or reversible, every quantum channel admits various kinds of generalized inverses such as the Moore-Penrose inverse and the Drazin inverse. A generalized inverse of a quantum channel may not itself be a quantum channel: it often fails to be CP. However, generalized inverses still play an important role in quantum error mitigation. Here, because it is often desirable for the generalized inverse of a quantum channel to be at least TP, the Drazin inverse, which is TP, is favoured over the Moore-Penrose inverse, which is not in general TP. In this paper, we take a categorical perspective on generalized inverses of quantum channels. This allows us to give a simple proof of the fact that the Drazin inverse of a quantum channel is always TP. It also allows us to show that for unital quantum channels, the Drazin inverse is also unital. We then generalize this result to dagger Drazin inverses, which allows us to show that for unital quantum channels, the Moore-Penrose inverse is both TP and unital as well. This opens the door to new applications of both the Drazin inverse and Moore-Penrose inverse in quantum information theory and, in particular, in quantum error mitigation.