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Experimental Demonstration of Commutation Relations Using Intensity Correlations

Hans Dang, Sebastian Luff, Martin Fischer, Markus Sondermann, Mojdeh. S. Najafabadi, Luis L. Sanchez-Soto, Gerd Leuchs·January 26, 2026
Quantum Physics

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Abstract

The canonical commutation relation is a cornerstone of quantum theory and underlies the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Although uncertainty relations have been extensively tested, direct verifications of the underlying commutation relation itself have remained elusive. We report an experimental demonstration of the bosonic commutation relation for optical field operators based on measurements of two distinct intensity correlation functions. From these measurements, we extract the expectation value of the field-operator commutator for both a single-photon state and coherent state. In both cases, the measured values are consistent with unity, in quantitative agreement with quantum theory.

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