A Geometrical Design Tool for Building Cost-Effective Layout-Aware n-Bit Quantum Gates Using the Bloch Sphere Approach

Abstract

The conventional design technique of any n-bit quantum gate is mainly achieved using unitary matrices multiplication, where n >= 2 and 1 <= m <= n-1 for m target qubits and n-m control qubits. These matrices represent quantum rotations by an n-bit quantum gate. For a quantum designer, such a conventional technique requires extensive computational time and effort, which may generate an n-bit quantum gate with a too high quantum cost. The Bloch sphere is only utilized as a visualization tool to verify the conventional design correctness for quantum rotations by a quantum gate. In contrast, this paper introduces a new concept of using the Bloch sphere as a "geometrical design tool" to build cost-effective n-bit quantum gates with lower quantum costs. This concept is termed the "Bloch sphere approach (BSA)". In BSA, a cost-effective n-bit quantum gate is built without using any unitary matrices multiplication. Instead, the quantum rotations for such a gate are visually selected using the geometrical planar intersections of the Bloch sphere. The BSA can efficiently map m targets among n-m controls for an n-bit quantum gate, to satisfy the limited layout connectivity for the physical neighboring qubits of a quantum computer. Experimentally, n-bit quantum gates built using the BSA always have lower quantum costs than those for such gates built using the conventional quantum design techniques.