QPP-RNG: A conceptual quantum system for true randomness.

Abstract

We propose and experimentally demonstrate the quasi-superposition quantum-inspired system (QSQS)-a conceptual quantum system for randomness generation built on measuring two conjugate observables of a permutation sorting process: the deterministic permutation count n_{p} and the fundamentally nondeterministic sorting time t. By analogy with quantum systems, these observables are linked by an uncertainty-like constraint: algorithmic determinism ensures structural uniformity, while system-level fluctuations introduce irreducible unpredictability. We realize this framework concretely as a quantum permutation pad (QPP) random number generator (RNG) or QPP-RNG, a system-embedded, software-based true random number generator (TRNG). In QPP-RNG, real-time measurements of sorting time t-shaped by CPU pipeline jitter, cache latency, and OS scheduling-dynamically reseed the pseudorandom RNG, driving the permutation sequence. This design fuses deterministic and nondeterministic components, so that entropy emerges organically from the quasisuperposition structure of the system. Crucially, the QSQS transforms initially right-skewed raw distributions of n_{p} and t into nearly uniform outputs after modulo reduction. This effect arises from the system's internal degeneracies: many distinct internal states collapse into the same output symbol, effectively flattening biases and filling out the output space. This transformation from biased measurements to uniform randomness is the core principle of the QSQS. Empirical results show that as the repetition factor m increases, output entropy converges toward theoretical maxima: Shannon and NIST SP 800-90B min-entropy values approach 8 bits, chi-squared statistics stabilize near ideal uniformity, and bell curve plots visually confirm the flattening from skewed to uniform distributions. The convergence to uniformity occurs at a rate inversely proportional to the size of the permutation space, making the system both scalable and theoretically grounded. Beyond practical implications, our findings illustrate how the QSQS unifies deterministic algorithmic processes with nondeterministic physical fluctuations in a single framework, offering a physics-based perspective for engineering randomness. In the quantum-safe era, the QPP-RNG can close the entropy gap by embedding true randomness directly into cryptographic modules, reducing reliance on external entropy sources and enabling entropy-rich, self-contained postquantum cryptographic ecosystems.