Meson spectroscopy of exotic symmetries of Ising criticality in Rydberg atom arrays

Abstract

The Ising model serves as a canonical platform for exploring emergent symmetry in quantum critical systems. The critical point of the 1D Ising chain is described by a conformal Ising field theory, which remains integrable in the presence of a magnetic perturbation, leading to massive particles associated with the exceptional Lie algebra $E_8$. Weakly coupling two Ising chains into a ladder breaks this integrability and is predicted to confine the elementary excitations of each chain into a richer spectrum of bound states organized by a $\mathcal{D}^{(1)}_8$ symmetry. Experimental signatures of $E_8$ excitations have arguably been observed in scattering studies of the spin chain material CoNb$_2$O$_6$, but direct evidence of confinement driven by inter-chain coupling has remained elusive. Here, we probe these emergent symmetries in a Rydberg atom quantum processing unit, leveraging its tunable geometry to realize both chain and ladder configurations. We identify mass spectra consistent with $E_8$ at the single-chain critical point and, in the weakly coupled ladder, report the first signatures of confinement of Ising excitations into the bound-state spectrum predicted by $\mathcal{D}^{(1)}_8$ symmetry. Our results demonstrate the power of Rydberg platforms for investigating symmetry emergence in quantum many-body systems and provide a direct window into the interplay of confinement, geometry, and criticality.