Spatial Mode Encoding for Quantum Key Distribution: From Hundreds to Thousands of Modes
AI Breakdown
Get a structured breakdown of this paper — what it's about, the core idea, and key takeaways for the field.
Abstract
Here, we present a proof-of-principle high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol utilizing the position and momentum entanglement of photon pairs. The protocol exploits the fact that position and momentum form mutually unbiased bases, linked via a Fourier transform. One photon of the entangled pair is measured by the sender in a randomly chosen basis-either position or momentum-selected passively via a beam splitter. This projective measurement remotely prepares the partner photon in a corresponding spatial mode, which is sent to the receiver, who similarly performs a random measurement in one of the two bases. In this implementation, we achieve a photon information efficiency of 5.07 bits per photon using 90 spatial modes, and a maximum bit rate of 0.9 Kb/s with 361 modes. To assess the scalability of this spatial-mode encoding scheme, we theoretically show that using a brighter entangled photon source along with next-generation single-photon cameras - featuring improved quantum efficiency, timing and spatial resolution - this approach could achieve 9 bits per photon at 2000 spatial modes, and a bit rate of over 700 Mb/s at 4400 modes while accounting for finite-key effects. These results quantify the opportunities and performance bounds of spatially encoded, entanglement-based QKD and provide a benchmark for future high-dimensional quantum communication systems.