Quantum Encoding of Structured Data with Matrix Product States
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Abstract
The amplitude encoding of an arbitrary $n$-qubit state vector requires $Ω(2^n)$ gate operations, owing to the exponential dimension of the Hilbert space. We can, however, form dimensionality-reduced representations of quantum states using matrix product states (MPS). In this article, we illustrate that MPS techniques enable the preparation of quantum states representative of functions with complexity up to low-degree piecewise polynomials via shallow-depth quantum circuits with accuracy exceeding 99.99\%. We extend these results to the approximate amplitude encoding of pixel values. We showcase this approach by efficiently preparing a $128\times 128$ ChestMNIST medical image (https://medmnist.com/) on 14 qubits with fidelity exceeding 99.2\% on a circuit with a total depth of just 425 single-qubit rotation and CNOT gates.