Architectures and random properties of symplectic quantum circuits

Abstract

Parametrized and random unitary (or orthogonal) n-qubit circuits play a central role in quantum information. As such, one could naturally assume that circuits implementing symplectic transformations would attract similar attention. However, this is not the case, as SP(d/2)—the group of d × d unitary symplectic matrices—has thus far been overlooked. In this work, we aim at starting to fill this gap. We begin by presenting a universal set of generators G for the symplectic algebra sp(d/2), consisting of one- and two-qubit Pauli operators acting on neighboring sites in a one-dimensional lattice. Here, we uncover two critical differences between such set, and equivalent ones for unitary and orthogonal circuits. Namely, we find that the operators in G cannot generate arbitrary local symplectic unitaries and that they are not translationally invariant. We then review the Schur–Weyl duality between the symplectic group and the Brauer algebra, and use tools from Weingarten calculus to prove that Pauli measurements at the output of Haar random symplectic circuits can converge to Gaussian processes. As a by-product, such analysis provides us with concentration bounds for Pauli measurements in circuits that form t-designs over SP(d/2). To finish, we present tensor-network tools to analyze shallow random symplectic circuits, and we use these to numerically show that computational-basis measurements anti-concentrate at logarithmic depth.