Noisy Quantum Simulation: Performance and Resource Considerations for the Tavis-Cummings and Heisenberg Models

Abstract

Fault-tolerant quantum computers promise the simulation of complex quantum systems beyond the reach of classical computation. In contrast, current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices are constrained by hardware noise. Consequently, quantum simulation methods remain limited in their near-term applicability. Two prominent techniques addressing these challenges are zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and incremental structural learning (ISL). In this work, ZNE and ISL are benchmarked for simulating the Trotterized time evolution of two models: the Tavis-Cummings model (TCM) and the Heisenberg spin chain (HSC), using a classically simulated noisy hardware backend. The methods are evaluated on the basis of the accuracy of expectation values relative to noiseless simulations and their resource demands such as circuit depths and shot counts. The impact of noise on optimization routines in ISL, previously underexplored, is also investigated. Results indicate that ISL performs more favorably in HSC systems, consistently surpassing ZNE in expectation value accuracy. Conversely, for the TCM, ISL generally yields lower accuracies despite reduced Trotter circuit depths, with weak interactions often leading to pronounced phase lags or flat expectation curves. Notably, when performing ISL optimization under noiseless conditions, the protocol is generally able to reduce dephasing errors, but average accuracies still vary on the simulated Hamiltonian. Our findings highlight the sensitivity of quantum simulation protocols to the structure of the Hamiltonian encoding system dynamics. Trends across systems suggest that ISL optimization benefits from Trotter circuits with stronger interactions, and that ansatz construction favors isotropic couplings. Moreover, although ISL introduces approximation errors, it demonstrates greater robustness than ZNE in systems with deeper Trotter circuits.