Multi-stage Stern-Gerlach experiment modeled (with additional appendices)
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Abstract
In the classic multi-stage Stern$-$Gerlach experiment conducted by Frisch and Segrè, the Majorana (Landau$-$Zener) and Rabi formulae diverge afar from the experimental observation while the physical mechanism for electron-spin collapse remains unidentified. Here, introducing the physical co-quantum concept provides a plausible physical mechanism and predicts the experimental observation in absolute units without fitting (i.e., no parameters adjusted) with a p-value less than one per million, which is the probability that the co-quantum theory happens to match the experimental observation purely by chance. Further, the co-quantum concept is corroborated by statistically reproducing exactly the wave function, density operator, and uncertainty relation for electron spin in Stern$-$Gerlach experiments.